Historical documen Essay Example for Free

Historical documen Essay Do you believe every historical document or book was true? Before, we consider if the historical documents or books are true; first, we have to look at the historical event with a different point of view because it is easy to get biased information; if we only focus on one side of the event. In the book After The Fact â€Å"The View from the Bottom Rail† by James West Davidson and Mark Hamilton Lytle, the authors demonstrate that discovering the historical story of the freed people is difficult because histories deal with â€Å"top rail† rather than the â€Å"bottom rail† of the lower social classes. Therefore, the freed people’s history has become flawed. Writing about a historical event is exceedingly difficult, because we have to consider different points of view. Thus, if a historian focused on only one side of the story, the historical event will remain biased. For example, the history of slavery was biased and was not accurate. According to the authors, the black slaves could not read or write during that time; even if someone could read, they had to hide this skill from their masters. Then, almost of the written books or documents about slavery were written by the white masters. Therefore, the information was not only accurate but also biased because the information came from white masters rather than slaves who actually know the truth. Moreover, although the interviews came from slaves, almost every interviewee experienced slavery by his or her childhood; therefore, the interviews were also biased because they focused on those who survived slavery. As the author explains, â€Å"the average life expectancy of a slave in 1850 was less than fifty years†(Davison and Lytle 180). Thus, when they were interviewed by someone, they were old. Two-thirds of them were over 80 years old; that could lead us to assume that they were treated less harsh than other people who died early because of harsher treatment in earlier years. Moreover, as interviewees get older, their memories could fade, and they could not certainly remember the details. This is common sense that if the event occurred a long time ago, the person could not remember every detail. In addition, the interviewees couldn’t answer honestly because they were scared. One interviewee says,† I’ve told you too much. How come they want all this stuff from the colored people anyway? Do you take any stories from the white people?† (Davison and Lytle 183). Like the interviewee, other interviewees were also scared to speak out about what they really experienced because they thought speaking out frankly would put them in a trouble. Therefore, they could not answer honestly. In retrospect, the slave interviews become flawed, and it was biased, because the interviews were not considering different points of view. Additionally, there was no voice recorder, which could provide us with what the interviewees truly said to the interviewer. Therefore, when we look at historical events, we have to consider different points of view; thus, we do not accept everything we just find out or read. As the authors state, we cannot believe everything at â€Å"face value† before we carefully discover.

Y2k Vs. Stock Market Crash :: essays research papers

The stock market crash of 1929 and the year 2000 bug are very similar. Black Thursday was not one of the brightest days in American History. This day was the cause of a nation downward spiral that closed 4000 banks, starting the great depression, and leading to stock that at one time would decrease 89% to the value some had bought. The cause of the stock market crash was largely due to over investment. The problem was people who didn't have the resources, investing from credit to buy into the short-lived age of wealth. Many people now are investing data in computers that is irreplaceable. They leave the data there assuming it will be there the next day or whenever they need it. In an age of information this might not be a wise idea. People are buying information on margin. They buy easy interfaces like Turbo Tax and Windows 98 that come to a computer user with almost no skill. The data is invested by these 'Computer Dummies';. It is the assumption that the data will be safe that will hurt computer users worldwide. It will happen sooner or later which is what people in 1929 knew about the stock-market crash. Many believe the most logical date for this data crash is January 1st, 2000. Many know about it and the possible 'infections'; the Year 2000 bug could cause to our every day life. Little is being done to solve this problem, considering it's monstrosity. One might believe that in the year 2000 havoc will be spread and a depression will occur because of this glitch. Another theory is that we will eventually run out of places to store data. Another date for an eventual breakdown would be February 29th, 2000 because most century years are not leap years. Many people have created ways to save the stock market and banks from another financial breakdown, however computer programmers have not invented a way to stop a massive data breakdown. The biggest problem is that the breakdown won't occur over a few days, like the Black Thursday through Black Tuesday did, it will occur over seconds. On Black Thursday 12,894,650 shares of stock were sold. On Monday Oct. 28th , 1929 9,250,000 shares were sold. On Black Tuesday 16,410,030 shares were sold. These three days added up to over $26 billion dollars of damage to the economy, and by the end of the month $100 billion dollars.

Nursing Profession †the Most Important in the Care of the Older Adult Essay

Nursing profession is most important in the care of the older adult. I so much agree on this notion and I believe it is true. The older adult, just like every other individual is a biopsychosocial being and therefore requires care that cuts across every aspect of his life and for this care to be given, it involves many disciplines/profession; but the nursing profession stands as an intermediary between these professions providing care in order to meet the older adult’s needs which is multidimensional. This autonomic profession is unique in function and responsible in providing holistic care. The developmental stage of the older adult is quite challenging and therefore requires a profession that will be capable of meeting this demanding task. The nursing profession is outstanding in providing needed care not just for the survival but also for a better quality of life of the older adults. As I discuss in this essay, I shall make this view point clearer and convincing. The nature of nursing care of the older adults. The International Council for Nurses (2003) defines nursing as: â€Å"Nursing encompasses the autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings†. This definition gives us the knowledge that the older adult among other age groups needs health care involving an interdisciplinary team. Among members of this team, the geriatric nurse plays a very important role in caring for the older adult. The nurse considers the older adult as a biopsychosocial being and thus gives a comprehensive, holistic and transcultural care to the older adult which cuts across his physical, social, cultural and psychological life. The physician is only interested in the disease condition, the psychologist is interested in the behavior and state of mind, and the sociologist is interested in the environment. All these professionals and others consider only an aspect of the older adult’s life. On the other hand, the nursing profession stands to care for the older adult as an individual, considering all aspects of his life that he is made off (biological, social, psychological, cultural and spiritual). The nursing profession is capable of giving the older adults all they need for survival and good quality life at their â€Å"doorpost† The gerontological nurse has many roles: provider of care, teacher, manager, advocate, and research. As a provider of care, the nurse gives direct care to older adults in a variety of settings. The teaching of gerontological nurses often focuses on modifiable risk factors (e.g., healthy diet, physical activity, stress managenent). Gerontological nurse managers balance the concerns of the elderly, family and nurses and other interdisciplinary health team members. As an advocate, the gerontological nurse empowers elders by helping them remain independent and strengthen their autonomy and decision making. Being a research consumer requires nurses to read the latest professional literature for evidence-based practice to improve the quality of nursing care for the elderly. (Kozier & Erb, 2008). As a teacher, she is patient enough to help the older adult their health and health care procedures despite the decreased functioning of the organs and systems responsible for cognitive reasoning. Jones, an associate Professor at Samuel Merritt University in Oakland quotes: â€Å"Because nurses are the professionals that typically spend more time at the bedside than other disciplines, nursing assessment is very important in the plan of care for patients,†¦that nurses have been trained to view patients in a comprehensive or holistic manner, taking into account more than the patients’ physical needs. â€Å"This perspective translates well to caring for older adults, who often have complex health problems, social situations, and care giving needs,†Ã¢â‚¬  (Jones, 2009, www.agewell.com) The gerontological nurse work in variety of setting in caring for the older adult. The gerontological nurse plays a principal role in the care of the older adults across all the health care facilities/settings of the older adults. The older adults are the primary users of health care facilities to rehabilitation, long term care and community. While it is true that older adults compose more than 80% of nursing facilities such as nursing homes, in countries such as the US, they also use close to half of all hospital days, a quarter of ambulatory visit and more than 70% of home health services(Karen, 2013, www.nursingtogether.com). Since the nursing homes and other health facilities of the older adults are mostly occupied by older adults, it signifies that nursing enterprise is just too significant in their care. In acute care settings, nurses focus on protecting the health of the older adult. Examples of nursing activities in this setting include preventing nosocomial infections e.g., pneumonia; preventing complications e.g., pressure ulcer; treating the health problems that resulted in the older adult’s admission plus assessing for potential undiagnosed health problems. The nursing profession is the only profession among the medical professions capable of applying the principles of health protection and promotion that will help save the older adult from other problems. In long term care facilities the objective of nursing care is to provide a place of safety and care to attain optimal wellness and independence for each individual(Stanley et al; 2005, in Kozier & Erb, 2008, P.409). Because the older adults (referred as residents in this health facility) spend a very long time in this facility, the nurse spends most of the time with the older adults more than every other members of the health care team. In this facility the nurse is known as the older adult’s best friend. In hospices, majority of the clients are the older adults. Gerontological nurses are involved in caring for dying persons and their families. The gerontological nurse uses her patience and compassion skills in the hospices in providing care. In the community, the gerontological nurse provides nursing care in many types of community setting e.g., home care, Nurse-run clinics and Adult day clinic. She accesses the older adults needs and tries to match the need with a community resource. Gerontological nurses are everywhere and can be everywhere for the older adults. Considering the variety of settings where the geriatric nurse functions in caring for the older adults, it simply gives one the idea that no other professional enterprise can do this other than the nurse. In these settings, the nurse avails herself applying patience, expertise, understanding, interdisciplinary communication, advocative and compassion skills in caring for the older adult and the family. The gerontological nurse is therefore regarded as the â€Å"middle man† connecting other disciplines in order to render effective and efficient care to the older adults and their families. There is an increasing demand of geriatric nurses worldwide for the care of the increasing population of the older adults. Globally there is a great increase in the population of the older adult. â€Å"According to the World Health Association, the world’s population aged 60 and over will more than triple from 600 million to 2 billion in the next forty years.† (Karen, 2013, www.nursingtogether.com). This has resulted in increasing demand of the geriatric nurses in meeting the health care needs of this increasing group because the older adults need the nurses to survive. Karen explains that there is a growing demand for the skilled geriatric nursing work force to provide quality care across wide range of health care settings (Karen, 2013, www.nursingtogether.com). This increasing demand of the geriatric nurses is a reflection of the importance of nursing services in the care of the older adults. Ranking position (rating) of the Nursing Profession among other professions Among the medical profession and members of the health care team, the nurses are usually the most preferred. Medical professionals are among the most trusted people in the United States, a new Gallup survey shows, with 85% of survey respondents ranking nurses highest for honesty and ethics, followed by pharmacists (75%) and physicians (70%)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ This poll consistently shows that people connect with nurses and trust them to do the right thing,† said American Nurses Association President Karen A. Daley, PhD, MPH, RN, in an association news release. (www.diabetesincontrol.com, December 13, 2012). The older adult is considered â€Å"fragile† because of the changes that have occurred in his body systems over the years reflecting in reduced level of functioning, perception, activity, behavior and general living. Therefore a profession that maintains high morality, truth, trust, integrity, and ethical principles and respect for the older adult not intruding to his privacy, disregarding his personality and underrating his ego is what the older adult requires. For example, a gerontological nurse rendering a home care service is not expected to steal the older adult’s belongings because the nursing profession upholds truth which is visible worldwide. Conclusion The nature of nursing care, the increasing demand of gerontological nurses, and diversified health care settings for the older adults where nurses are the front-line care givers; all these and many more have projected nursing to the top among all other professions and enterprise in rendering services to the older adults which is dependent in their survival and quality of life.

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Mcardle s Syndrome - 988 Words

McArdle s Syndrome is a muscle metabolism disorder that is caused by a deficiency of the glycogen enzyme muscle phosphorylase (Quinlivan). Muscle phosphorylase is the enzyme that breaks down glycogen during glycolysis. Without this enzyme, the body has a difficult time going through anaerobic glycolysis and can cause an individual to experience intense muscle pains. It is estimated that 1 in every 100,000 people will get McArdle s Syndrome (Haller). McArdle s Syndrome is a genetic disorder, so there is no preventing it. Even the unaffected child of an affected person will have a 50% chance of being a carrier, which means they could pass it on to their own children (Martà ­n). Other common names for McArdle s Syndrome are Glycogen Storage disease type V (GSDV) and McArdle disease (Martà ­n, Quinlivan). The symptoms of McArdle s Syndrome were recognized about 65 years ago by Brian McArdle. In 1959, it was found that all these symptoms were due to a glycogen phosphorylase deficiency in the muscles (Haller). Some of these symptoms include rapid fatigue, myalgia, and muscle cramps in exercising muscles. These symptoms usually occur during the first 10 minutes of exercise. Muscle cramps are one of the major signs of McArdle s Syndrome. To prevent these muscle cramps, one should avoid high intensity and maximal aerobic exercise. Muscle weakness occurs in 25% of people diagnosed with McArdle s Syndrome and is more likely to involve proximal muscles and people over the age of 40.